Experience with the ACURATE neo and neo2 transcatheter aortic valves in Spain. The PRECISA (PRospective Evaluation Complementing Investigation with ACURATE devices) registry.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have documented a high rate of implantation success with the ACURATE neo2 valve, as well as a reduction in paravalvular leak (PVL) compared to its predecessor, the ACURATE neo. However, there are no studies that have reviewed and compared the long-term clinical and hemodynamic outcomes of these patients. AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate the results of the ACURATE neo transcatheter aortic valve in a real-world context, and to compare the results of the outcomes of both generations of this device (ACURATE neo and ACURATE neo2), with a specific focus on procedural success, safety, and long-term effectiveness. METHODS: A prospective study including all consecutive patients treated with the ACURATE neo device in seven hospitals was conducted (Clinical Trials Identification Number: NCT03846557). The primary endpoint consisted of a composite of adverse events, including mortality, aortic insufficiency, and other procedural complications. As the second-generation device (ACURATE neo2) replaced the ACURATE neo during the study period, hemodynamic and clinical results before admission, at 30 days, and at 1 year of follow-up were compared between the two generations. RESULTS: A total of 296 patients underwent transcatheter aortic valve implantation with the ACURATE device, with 178 patients receiving the ACURATE neo and 118 patients receiving the ACURATE neo2. In the overall population, the absence of device success occurred in 14.5%. The primary reason for the absence of device success was the presence of para-valvular regurgitation ≥ 2. There were no instances of coronary occlusions, valve embolization, annulus rupture, or procedural deaths. ACURATE neo2 was associated with a significantly higher device success rate (91.7% vs. 82%, p = 0.04), primarily due to a significantly lower rate of para-valvular regurgitation, which remained significant at 1 year. CONCLUSION: The use of ACURATE neo and neo2 transcatheter aortic valves is associated with satisfactory clinical results and an extremely low rate of complications. The ACURATE neo2 enables a significantly higher device success rate, primarily attributed to a significant reduction in the rate of PVL.

High systemic inflammation as a novel cardiovascular risk factor and target for anti-cytokine therapy: comment regarding the triglyceride glucose index.

In the last century, there has been more than enough research that proved the association of high lipid and glucose levels with cardiovascular disease, thus establishing the current well-known traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Hence, these cardiovascular risk factors are target therapy for glucose and lipid-lowering agents to prevent adverse cardiovascular events. However, despite controlling the lipid and glucose levels, some studies demonstrated the subclinical atherosclerosis suggesting that these cardiovascular risk factors alone cannot account for the entire atherosclerosis burden. In the last years, large-scale clinical trials demonstrated the operation of the inflammatory pathway in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) by the immune system, both the innate (neutrophils, macrophages) and adaptive (T cell and other lymphocytes) limbs, contribute to atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. In this regard, some studies that use antiinflammatory therapy targeting the immune system by modulating or blocking interleukins, also known as anti-cytokine therapy, have been shown to reduce the risk of adverse cardiovascular events in patients with previous coronary artery disease. In this regard, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of colchicine 0.5 mg once daily for reducing cardiovascular events in patients who have established ASCVD and high residual systemic inflammation. Therefore, measuring the systemic inflammation can improve the cardiovascular risk assessment and identify the subsets of patients that will benefit from anti-cytokine therapy after diagnosis of ASCVD or after myocardial revascularization.

Role of dynamic road-mapping in renal denervation procedures.

Dynamic road-mapping (DRM) (Dynamic Coronary Roadmap; Philips) offers a real-time, dynamic overlay of the coronary tree on fluoroscopy.

Timing of Complete Multivessel Revascularization in Patients Presenting With Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Complete revascularization of the culprit and all significant nonculprit lesions in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) and multivessel disease (MVD) reduces major adverse cardiac events, but optimal timing of revascularization remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to compare immediate complete revascularization (ICR) and staged complete revascularization (SCR) in patients presenting with NSTE-ACS and MVD. METHODS: This prespecified substudy of the BIOVASC (Percutaneous Complete Revascularization Strategies Using Sirolimus Eluting Biodegradable Polymer Coated Stents in Patients Presenting With Acute Coronary Syndrome and Multivessel Disease) trial included patients with NSTE-ACS and MVD. Risk differences of the primary composite outcome of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), unplanned ischemia-driven revascularization (UIDR), or cerebrovascular events and its individual components were compared between ICR and SCR at 1 year. RESULTS: The BIOVASC trial enrolled 1,525 patients; 917 patients presented with NSTE-ACS, of whom 459 were allocated to ICR and 458 to SCR. Incidences of the primary composite outcome were similar in the 2 groups (7.9% vs 10.1%; risk difference 2.2%; 95% CI: -1.5 to 6.0; P = 0.15). ICR was associated with a significant reduction of MIs (2.0% vs 5.3%; risk difference 3.3%; 95% CI: 0.9 to 5.7; P = 0.006), which was maintained after exclusion of procedure-related MIs occurring during the index or staged procedure (2.0% vs 4.4%; risk difference 2.4%; 95% CI: 0.1 to 4.7; P = 0.032). UIDRs were also reduced in the ICR group (4.2% vs 7.8%; risk difference 3.5%; 95% CI: 0.4 to 6.6; P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: ICR is safe in patients with NSTE-ACS and MVD and was associated with a reduction in MIs and UIDRs at 1 year.

SYNERGY-Everolimus-Eluting Stent With a Bioabsorbable Polymer in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: CLEAR SYNERGY OASIS-9 Registry.

Our objective was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the SYNERGY stent (Boston Scientific Corporation, Marlborough, Massachusetts) in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The only drug-eluting stent approved for treatment of STEMI by the Food and Drug Administration is the Taxus stent (Boston Scientific) which is no longer commercially available, so further data are needed. The CLEAR SYNERGY stent registry was embedded into a larger randomized trial of patients with STEMI (n = 7,000), comparing colchicine versus placebo and spironolactone versus placebo. The primary outcome for the SYNERGY stent registry is major adverse cardiac events (MACE) as defined by cardiovascular death, recurrent MI, or unplanned ischemia-driven target vessel revascularization within 12 months. We estimated a MACE rate of 6.3% at 12 months after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for STEMI based on the Thrombectomy vs percutaneous coronary intervention alone in STEMI (TOTAL) trial. Success was defined as upper bound of confidence interval (CI) to be less than the performance goal of 9.45%. Overall, 733 patients were enrolled from 8 countries with a mean age 60.2 years, 19% diabetes mellitus, 41.3% anterior MI, and median door-to-balloon time of 72 minutes. The MACE rate was 4.8% (95% CI 3.2 to 6.3%) at 12 months which met the success criteria against performance goal of 9.45%. The rates of cardiovascular death, recurrent MI, or target vessel revascularization were 2.7%, 1.9%, 1.0%, respectively. The rates of acute definite stent thrombosis were 0.3%, subacute 0.4%, late 0.4%, and cumulative stent thrombosis of 1.1% at 12 months. In conclusion, the SYNERGY stent in STEMI performed well and was successful compared with the performance goal based on previous trials.

Impact of pre-admission physical activity on benefits of physiology-guided complete revascularization in older patients with myocardial infarction: insights from the FIRE trial.

AIMS: The present analysis from the Functional Assessment in Elderly Myocardial Infarction Patients with Multivessel Disease (FIRE) trial aims to explore the significance of pre-admission physical activity and assess whether the benefits of physiology-guided complete revascularization apply consistently to sedentary and active older patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients aged 75 years or more with myocardial infarction (MI) and multivessel disease were randomized to receive physiology-guided complete revascularization or culprit-only strategy. The primary outcome was a composite of death, MI, stroke, or any revascularization within a year. Secondary endpoints included the composite of cardiovascular death or MI, as well as single components of the primary endpoint. Pre-admission physical activity was categorized into three groups: (i) absent (sedentary), (ii) light, and (iii) vigorous. Among 1445 patients, 692 (48%) were sedentary, whereas 560 (39%) and 193 (13%) performed light and vigorous physical activity, respectively. Patients engaging in light or vigorous pre-admission physical activity exhibited a reduced risk of the primary outcome compared with sedentary individuals [light hazard ratio (HR) 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55-0.91 and vigorous HR 0.14, 95% CI 0.07-0.91, respectively]. These trends were also observed for death, cardiovascular death, or MI. When comparing physiology-guided complete revascularization vs. culprit-only strategy, no significant interaction was observed for primary and secondary endpoints when stratified by sedentary or active status. CONCLUSION: In older patients with MI, pre-admission physical activity emerges as a robust and independent prognostic determinant. Physiology-guided complete revascularization stands out an effective strategy in reducing ischaemic adverse events, irrespective of pre-admission physical activity status. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03772743.

The Functional Assessment in Elderly Myocardial Infarction Patients with Multivessel Disease (FIRE) trial has shown that physiology-guided complete revascularization reduces ischaemic adverse events in older patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and multivessel disease. Older patients who engage in light or vigorous physical activity before hospitalization for MI have a reduced risk of the primary composite outcome of death, MI, stroke, or ischaemia-driven revascularization. These benefits extend to all secondary cardiovascular outcomes as well. In the present subanalysis of the FIRE trial, we find that the positive prognosis associated with physiology-guided complete revascularization holds true even for patients with a sedentary lifestyle. This means that this type of revascularization can effectively reduce ischaemic adverse events in older patients with MI and multivessel disease, regardless of their physical activity levels.

Percutaneous Pulmonary Thrombectomy Beyond Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Removing Organized Thrombus in Subacute Massive Pulmonary Embolism.

CLINICAL IMPACT: Mechanical thrombectomy using a thromboaspiration catheter can be an effective alternative in the treatment of subacute pulmonary embolism.

The BALTO Registry: Long-term results of percutaneous BALloon pericardioTomy in oncological patients.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy and safety of percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy (PBP) in oncological patients who present with a malignant pericardial effusion (MPE). BACKGROUND: The use of PBP as a treatment for MPE is not standardized due to the limited evidence. Furthermore, the performance of a second PBP for a recurrence after a first procedure is controversial. METHODS: The BALTO Registry (BALloon pericardioTomy in Oncological patients) is a prospective, single-center, observational registry that includes consecutive PBP performed for MPE from October 2007 to February 2022. Clinical and procedural, characteristics, as well as clinical outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: Seventy-six PBP were performed in 61 patients (65% female). Mean age was of 66.4 ± 11.2 years. In 15 cases, a second PBP procedure was performed due to recurrence despite the first PBP. The procedure could be performed effectively in all cases with only two serious complications. Ninety-five percent of cases were discharged alive from the hospital. During a median follow-up of 6.3 months (interquartile range [IQR], 0.9-10.8), MPE recurred in 24.5% cases although no recurrences were reported after the second procedure. No evidence of malignant pleural effusion developed on follow-up. The median overall survival time was 5.8 months (IQR, 0.8-10.2) and the time to recurrence after the first PBP was 2.4 months (IQR, 0.7-4.5). CONCLUSIONS: PBP is a safe and effective treatment for MPE. It could be considered an acceptable therapy in most MPE, even in those who recur after a first procedure.

Outcomes after TAVI in patients with atrial fibrillation and a history of recent PCI: Results from the ENVISAGE-TAVI AF trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and a recent (≤ 90 days) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) are at high bleeding risk due to the addition of oral antiplatelet (OAP) agents on top of oral anticoagulants. Data on outcomes of these patients are needed to optimize antithrombotic treatment. METHODS: This analysis compared annualized clinical event rates in patients with and without a recent PCI enrolled in ENVISAGE-TAVI AF, a prospective, randomized, open-label, adjudicator-masked trial comparing edoxaban and vitamin K antagonists in AF patients after TAVI. The primary efficacy and safety outcomes were net adverse clinical events (NACE) and major bleeding. RESULTS: Overall, 132 (94.3%) patients with a recent PCI (n = 140) received OAP after TAVI, compared with 692 (55.9%) patients without a recent PCI (n = 1237). Among patients with a recent PCI on OAP agents, use of dual antiplatelet therapy decreased to 5.5%, and use of single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT) increased to 78.0% over 3 months post-randomization. Conversely, use of SAPT predominated at all time points in patients without a recent PCI history. There were no significant differences in the incidence of NACE or other outcomes assessed, except for major bleeding events, which were more frequent in patients with vs without a recent PCI history (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]: 2.17 [1.27, 3.73]; P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with AF undergoing TAVI with a recent PCI have a similar risk of ischemic events and mortality, but an increased risk of major bleeding compared with patients without a recent PCI.

OPTImized coronary interventions eXplaIn the bEst cliNical outcomEs (OPTI-XIENCE) study. Rationale and study design.

INTRODUCTION: Clinical events may occur after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), particularly in complex lesions and complex patients. The optimization of PCI result, using pressure guidewire and intracoronary imaging techniques, may reduce the risk of these events. The hypothesis of the present study is that the clinical outcome of patients with indication of PCI and coronary stent implantation that are at high risk of events can be improved with an unrestricted use of intracoronary tools that allow PCI optimization. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Observational prospective multicenter international study, with a follow-up of 12 months, including 1064 patients treated with a cobalt­chromium everolimus-eluting stent. Inclusion criteria include any of the following: Lesion length > 28 mm; Reference vessel diameter < 2.5 mm or > 4.25 mm; Chronic total occlusion; Bifurcation with side branch ≥2.0 mm;Ostial lesion; Left main lesion; In-stent restenosis; >2 lesions stented in the same vessel; Treatment of >2 vessels; Acute myocardial infarction; Renal insufficiency; Left ventricular ejection fraction <30 %; Staged procedure. The control group will be comprised by a similar number of matched patients included in the "extended risk" cohort of the XIENCE V USA study. The primary endpoint will be the 1-year rate of target lesion failure (TLF) (composite of ischemia-driven TLR, myocardial infarction (MI) related to the target vessel, or cardiac death related to the target vessel). Secondary endpoints will include overall mortality, cardiovascular mortality, acute myocardial infarction, TVR, TLR, target vessel failure, and definitive or probable stent thrombosis at 1 year. IMPLICATIONS: The ongoing OPTI-XIENCE study will contribute to the growing evidence supporting the use of intra-coronary imaging techniques for stent optimization in patients with complex coronary lesions.

Bicaval TricValve Implantation in Patients With Severe Symptomatic Tricuspid Regurgitation: 1-Year Follow-Up Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Several orthotopic transcatheter strategies have been developed to treat severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR); however, many patients are deemed unsuitable. Caval valve implantation with the TricValve system addresses this unmet need. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine the impact of TricValve on systemic congestion and quality of life (QOL) at 1 year. METHODS: The TRICUS (Safety and Efficacy of the TricValve® Transcatheter Bicaval Valves System in the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava in Patients With Severe Tricuspid Regurgitation) and TRICUS EURO studies were prospective, nonblinded, nonrandomized, single-arm trials representing the early-in-man experience of the TricValve system in NYHA functional class III or IV severe TR patients, optimally medicated and ineligible for open heart surgery, with significant caval backflow. The primary endpoint was QOL metrics and functional status. The 1-year results of the combined cohort are described here. RESULTS: Forty-four patients were included. Mean age was 76.2 ± 7.5 years, 81.0% were women, and the TRISCORE (risk score model for isolated tricuspid valve surgery) was 5.3 ± 1.3. Clinical improvement at 1 year was achieved in 42 (95.5%) patients, measured by (at least 1 of) an increase in ≥15 points from baseline in 12-item Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire score, improvement to NYHA functional class to I or II, or an increase ≥40 m in the 6-minute walk test. There were 3 (6.8%) deaths at 1-year follow-up (1 cardiovascular), and the heart failure rehospitalization rate was 29.5%. Stent fracture, conduction system disturbances, or clinically significant leaflet thrombosis were not detected. Abolished hepatic vein backflow was achieved and persisted in 63.8% of the patients, contributing towards a reduction in congestive symptoms, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels (P = 0.032), and diuretic treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Caval valve implantation with the TricValve system associated with meaningful 1-year clinical improvements in terms of QOL along with relatively low mortality rates. (TRICUS Study - Safety and Efficacy of the TricValve® Device; NCT03723239).

In acute MI complicated by cardiogenic shock, ECLS did not reduce 30-d all-cause mortality.

SOURCE CITATION: Thiele H, Zeymer U, Akin I, et al; ECLS-SHOCK Investigators. Extracorporeal life support in infarct-related cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med. 2023;389:1286-1297. 37634145.

Safety and efficacy of the Amplatzer™ Trevisio™ intravascular delivery system: Post-approval study results.

BACKGROUND: The Amplatzer™ Trevisio™ Intravascular Delivery System (Trevisio DS; Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL, USA) facilitates the delivery of Amplatzer™ Occluders and features an ultraflexible tip, which improves assessment of occluder position before release. AIMS: To assess the safety and efficacy of the Trevisio DS for transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale and atrial septal defect. METHODS: The Amplatzer™ Trevisio™ Intravascular Delivery System Post-Approval Study was a prospective, postmarket, single-arm, multicentre, observational study of the Trevisio DS. Enrolled patients were indicated for transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale or atrial septal defect. In all procedures, the Trevisio DS was used to deliver Amplatzer™ Occluders. Technical success was defined as successful deployment and release of at least one occluder. Device- or procedure-related serious adverse events were tracked until discharge or day 7, whichever occurred earlier. RESULTS: The study enrolled 144 patients with patent foramen ovale and 107 patients with atrial septal defect at 22 European sites; 53 patients with atrial septal defect (49.6%) were aged<18years. The rate of technical success was 98.4% (97.2% for atrial septal defect, 99.3% for patent foramen ovale). There was one serious adverse event (0.4%), an acute periprocedural device embolization that occurred after occluder release in a patient with atrial septal defect; the device was retrieved percutaneously. This was determined by the implanter to be unrelated to the performance of the Trevisio DS. CONCLUSIONS: The Trevisio DS exhibited a high rate of technical success and an excellent safety profile during transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale and atrial septal defect.

A randomized control trial to assess optical coherence tomography parameters of the Xlimus drug-eluting stent: the XLIMIT trial.

Background: Third generation drug-eluting stents (DES) potentially offer better technical performance and reduced neointimal proliferation than previous generation DES. The XLIMIT non-inferiority trial evaluated the performance of the Xlimus (a novel sirolimus-eluting coronary stent system) in terms of endothelialization and tissue healing compared to the bioresorbable polymer Synergy DES. Methods: A total of 177 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were randomized in a 2:1 ratio (2 Xlimus: 1 Synergy). The primary endpoints, defined as the in-stent neointimal volume weighted by the sum of the lengths of the implanted stent (ISNV) and the in-stent neointimal percent volume obstruction (%VO) were evaluated at 6-9 months by means of optical coherence tomography (OCT). Additional OCT parameters as well as clinical endpoints were also collected. Results: Most of the patients were males (77.4%), and the mean age was 64 years. One third of the population had stable angina/silent ischemia. A total of 300 stents (237 lesions) were analyzed: 198 (152 lesions) were in the Xlimus group, and 102 (85 lesions) in the Synergy group. The ISNV in the Xlimus group was 30.7 ± 24.5 mm3 while in the Synergy group it was 26.5 ± 26.7 mm3: the difference between the two means was 0.08 (-0, 04-0, 45), p = 0.018, thus meeting the non-inferiority hypothesis. The %VO was 16.3% ± 10.4% and 13.3% ± 10.8% in the Xlimus and Synergy groups, respectively: the difference between the two means was 3.0 (-0, 06-4, 2), (p = 0.01), thus meeting the non-inferiority hypothesis. No difference was found with respect to the secondary OCT endpoints as well as for clinical endpoints. Conclusions: The study results confirm that the biological interaction of the Xlimus and Synergy DES with the coronary artery is comparable, and that translates in very reassuring OCT parameters at follow-up: as such, the Xlimus is non-inferior to the Synergy. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier (NCT03745053).

Predictors of All-Cause Mortality After Successful Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation.

Prevalent and incident atrial fibrillation are common in patients who undergo transcatheter aortic valve implantation and are associated with impaired postprocedural outcomes, including mortality. We determined predictors of long-term mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation after successful transcatheter aortic valve implantation. The EdoxabaN Versus standard of care and theIr effectS on clinical outcomes in pAtients havinG undergonE Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation-Atrial Fibrillation (ENVISAGE-TAVI AF) trial (NCT02943785) was a multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trial in patients with prevalent or incident atrial fibrillation after successful transcatheter aortic valve implantation who received edoxaban or vitamin K antagonists. A Cox proportional hazard model was performed to identify predictors of all-cause mortality using a stepwise approach for multiple regression analysis. In addition, we assessed the performance of different risk scores and prediction models using ENVISAGE-TAVI AF data. Of 1,426 patients in ENVISAGE-TAVI AF, 178 (12.5%) died during the follow-up period (median 548 days). Our stepwise approach identified greater risk of mortality with older age, impaired renal function, nonparoxysmal atrial fibrillation, excessive alcohol use, New York Heart Association heart failure class III/IV, peripheral artery disease, and history of major bleeding or predisposition to bleeding. The present model (concordance statistic [c-statistic] 0.67) was a better discriminator than were other frequently used risk scores, such as the Society of Thoracic Surgeons score (c-statistic 0.56); Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age ≥75, Diabetes, Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65 to 74 years, and Sex category (CHA2DS2-VASc) score (c-statistic 0.54); or Hypertension, Abnormal renal/liver function, Stroke, Bleeding history or predisposition, Labile international normalized ratio, Elderly, and Drugs/alcohol concomitantly (HAS-BLED) score (c-statistic 0.58). In ENVISAGE-TAVI AF, several modifiable and nonmodifiable clinical characteristics were significantly associated with greater long-term all-cause mortality. Improved risk stratification to estimate the probability of mortality after successful transcatheter aortic valve implantation in patients with atrial fibrillation may improve long-term patient prognosis.

Complete Revascularization Versus Culprit-Lesion-Only PCI in STEMI Patients With Diabetes and Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease: Results From the COMPLETE Trial.

BACKGROUND: In the COMPLETE trial (Complete Versus Culprit-Only Revascularization to Treat Multivessel Disease After Early PCI for STEMI), a strategy of complete revascularization reduced the risk of major cardiovascular events compared with culprit-lesion-only percutaneous coronary intervention in patients presenting with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and multivessel coronary artery disease. Patients with diabetes have a worse prognosis following STEMI. We evaluated the consistency of the effects of complete revascularization in patients with and without diabetes. METHODS: The COMPLETE trial randomized a strategy of complete revascularization, consisting of angiography-guided percutaneous coronary intervention of all suitable nonculprit lesions, versus a strategy of culprit-lesion-only percutaneous coronary intervention (guideline-directed medical therapy alone). In prespecified analyses, treatment effects were determined in patients with and without diabetes on the first coprimary outcome of cardiovascular death or new myocardial infarction and the second coprimary outcome of cardiovascular death, new myocardial infarction, or ischemia-driven revascularization. Interaction P values were calculated to evaluate whether there was a differential treatment effect in patients with and without diabetes. RESULTS: Of the 4041 patients enrolled in the COMPLETE trial, 787 patients (19.5%) had diabetes. The median HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) was 7.7% in the diabetes group and 5.7% in the nondiabetes group. Complete revascularization consistently reduced the first coprimary outcome in patients with diabetes (hazard ratio, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.59-1.29]) and without diabetes (hazard ratio, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.55-0.90]), with no evidence of a differential treatment effect (interaction P=0.36). Similarly, for the second coprimary outcome, no differential treatment effect (interaction P=0.27) of complete revascularization was found in patients with diabetes (hazard ratio, 0.61 [95% CI, 0.43-0.87]) and without diabetes (hazard ratio, 0.48 [95% CI, 0.39-0.60]). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients presenting with STEMI and multivessel disease, the benefit of complete revascularization over a culprit-lesion-only percutaneous coronary intervention strategy was consistent regardless of the presence or absence of diabetes.

Complete or Culprit-Only PCI in Older Patients with Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND: The benefit of complete revascularization in older patients (≥75 years of age) with myocardial infarction and multivessel disease remains unclear. METHODS: In this multicenter, randomized trial, we assigned older patients with myocardial infarction and multivessel disease who were undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of the culprit lesion to receive either physiology-guided complete revascularization of nonculprit lesions or to receive no further revascularization. Functionally significant nonculprit lesions were identified either by pressure wire or angiography. The primary outcome was a composite of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or any revascularization at 1 year. The key secondary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death or myocardial infarction. Safety was assessed as a composite of contrast-associated acute kidney injury, stroke, or bleeding. RESULTS: A total of 1445 patients underwent randomization (720 to receive complete revascularization and 725 to receive culprit-only revascularization). The median age of the patients was 80 years (interquartile range, 77 to 84); 528 patients (36.5%) were women, and 509 (35.2%) were admitted for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. A primary-outcome event occurred in 113 patients (15.7%) in the complete-revascularization group and in 152 patients (21.0%) in the culprit-only group (hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57 to 0.93; P = 0.01). Cardiovascular death or myocardial infarction occurred in 64 patients (8.9%) in the complete-revascularization group and in 98 patients (13.5%) in the culprit-only group (hazard ratio, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.88). The safety outcome did not appear to differ between the groups (22.5% vs. 20.4%; P = 0.37). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients who were 75 years of age or older with myocardial infarction and multivessel disease, those who underwent physiology-guided complete revascularization had a lower risk of a composite of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or ischemia-driven revascularization at 1 year than those who received culprit-lesion-only PCI. (Funded by Consorzio Futuro in Ricerca and others; FIRE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03772743.).

New cut-off points of PHQ-9 and its variants, in Costa Rica: a nationwide observational study.

The PHQ-9 questionnaire is a screening test worldwide used to measure depression. But it cannot be used in Costa Rica, due to the fact that it has not previously been validated for its population. The present study aims to show the validation of the PHQ-9 questionnaire and its variants (PHQ-2, PHQ-4, PHQ-8) in a population sample of adults residing in Costa Rica. A sample was collected (n = 1162) using a self-administered questionnaire. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, and Multiple Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MGCFA) were tested. One factor was found that explained 73.33% of the variance with excellent internal consistency (α = 0.928). Goodness-of-fit measures were adequate (RMSEA = 0.107; CFI = 0.948), as was diagnostic power at a cut-off of 10 (78.60 for Sensitivity and 27.95 for 1-Specificity). External validation indices were good (r = 0.843 with GAD-7, r = - 0.647 with RS14, and r = 0.301 with FCV19S), and the model showed invariance by sex (∆χ2 = 27.90; df = 27; p < 0.001). Additionally, new cut-off points were proposed for PHQ-9 and its variants for Costa Rican male, female, and general populations. The PHQ-9 and its variants (PHQ-2, 4, and 8) are valid tools for detecting depression (and anxiety for PHQ-4) in Costa Rican population. In addition, new cut-off points differentiated by sex are proposed.

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio an inflammatory biomarker, and prognostic marker in heart failure, cardiovascular disease and chronic inflammatory diseases: New insights for a potential predictor of anti-cytokine therapy responsiveness.

In the 20th century, research focused on cholesterol and lipoproteins as the key mechanism in establishing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Given that some studies demonstrated subclinical atherosclerosis in subjects without conventional cardiovascular risk factors, the elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels alone cannot account for the entire burden of atherosclerosis. Hence, large-scale clinical trials demonstrated the operation of immune and inflammatory pathways in ASCVD. In this regard, the evidence establishes that cells of the immune system, both the innate (neutrophils, macrophages) and adaptive (T cell and other lymphocytes) limbs, contribute to atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. Besides, basic science studies have identified proatherogenic cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-12, and IL-18. In this regard, some studies showed that antiinflammatory therapy targeting the immune system by modulating or blocking interleukins, also known as anti-cytokine therapy, can reduce the risk of major cardiovascular adverse events. The neutrophils play a key role in the innate immune system, representing the acute phase of an inflammatory response. In contrast, lymphocytes represent the adaptive immune system and promote the induction of autoimmune inflammation, especially in the chronic inflammatory response. Through the literature review, we will highlight the inflammatory pathway for the physiopathology of ASCVD, HF, and COVID-19. In this regard, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) integrates the innate immune and adaptive immune systems, making the NLR a biomarker of inflammation. In addition, we provided an update on the evidence showing that high NLR is associated with worse prognosis in heart failure (HF), ASCVD, and COVID-19, as well as their clinical applications showing that the normalization of NLR after anti-cytokine therapy is a potential predictor of therapy responsiveness and is associated with reduction of major adverse cardiovascular events.